Cavalier King Charles Spaniel (part 2)

Patella luxation
Patella luxation is a condition that involves repetitive dislocation of the patella (knee cap). It is seen in all types of dog but is most common in toy and miniature breeds of dog, such as the Cavalier King Charles Spaniel. It is also thought to be more common in females than males. Symptoms include abnormal movement in the hind limbs, lameness, skipping, and an abnormal posture while sitting. Clinical symptoms can be seen in dogs as early as four moths old. It is usually diagnosed during a physical examination from a veterinarian and is then confirmed by an x-ray. It is thought that it can lead to ruptured cranial cruciate ligament in 15-20% of cases. Dogs with intermittent or permanent lameness will be considered for surgery but most cases will be treated with pain killers, physiotherapy, and/or weight management. 

Keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS)
KCS (also known as dry-eye syndrome) is a disease that affects the precorneal tear film and prevents the production of moisture in the eye. It results in the inflammation of the cornea and tissues in the eye due to dryness. It is thought to affect around 1% of dogs. The Cavalier King Charles Spaniel is one of the breeds more commonly affected, along with breeds such as pugs and the English bulldog. Symptoms include redness and yellow/green discharge. If untreated it will eventually result in a cloudy film over the cornea and scarring around the eye. It can cause blurred vision, or loss of vision completely and causes the eyes to be more prone to infection. It can be diagnosed by a schirmer tear test which checks whether there is adequate tear production in the eye. KCS can not be cured and requires life long medication. Two commonly used medicines are cyclosporine and tacrolimus which must be administered in the eyes once or twice a day, every day. 

Syringomyelia

Syringomyelia MRI
http://cavalierhealth.org/syringomyelia.htm

Chiari-like malformation (CM) is a condition seen in cavaliers causing their brain to be too big for their skull. The back part of their skull puts pressure on the brain and some of the brain is squeezed out the back of the skull (foramen magnum). This is known as syringomyelia when the skull partially blocks the flow of cerebrospinal fluid from the brain, which is pushed through the central spinal canal. This causes a variation in pressure and creates fluid-filled cavities within the spinal cord, known as syrinx.
It is thought that this produces a pins-and-needles feeling around the head, neck and spine, while in severe cases it is thought to cause a burning sensation. Symptoms include being sensitive to touch, walking/moving slowly, problems jumping, scratching, phantom scratching, biting hind legs, or weakness in limbs. The symptoms seem to be worse during exercise, when excited, at night, and can even worsen due to changes in weather. It is thought that this is because of the changes in atmospheric pressure. It can be diagnosed by an MRI scan but there is no cure. Some dogs may have surgery to remove the back parts of the skull which are putting pressure on the brain. This will result in an improvement in about 80% of dogs, but 50% of these will have symptoms recurring within 2 years. In the most severe cases the dog will have to be euthanised as the condition is so painful. It is most commonly found in cavaliers and other toy breeds such as pugs, chihuahuas and yorkshire terriers. Symptoms will usually be seen after 2 years of age and a study showed that about 70% of cavaliers will have syringomyelia by the age of seven. It is a progressive illness which means it will get worse with time. It may end up destroying parts of the spinal cord, and the dog's legs will become progressively weaker. Some medications may be given to help limit the pain and reduce symptoms. Dogs with syringomyelia prefer to have their head elevated so keeping food and water bowls raised can help make them more comfortable. 

Video of cavalier with syringomyelia: 
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_UGp45LMCis

Cavalier King Charles Spaniel (part 1)

Cavalier King Charles Spaniels are a small breed of spaniel, classed by the Kennel Club as a toy dog. They are a separate breed to the King Charles Spaniel, despite being very similar. They are defined by a few key features, primarily a more prominent snout. Cavaliers usually weigh 13-18 lbs and live for an average of 9-15 years.

Classic King Charles Spaniels

Spaniels were originally popular with royalty, particularly King Charles II (1660-1685) who wouldn't go anywhere without two or three of his spaniels, hence why they became known as the King Charles Spaniel. After he died the popularity of spaniels died down and flat faced dogs such as pugs became more popular. Breeders began mixing the breeds to produce flatter faced spaniels which kept the name King Charles Spaniel. In the 1920s an American name Roswell Eldridge came to England in search for the classic KCS, seen during the time of King Charles II. He offered £25 at the Crufts dog show as a reward for any breeder that could produce a spaniel that looked like the ones seen during the reign of King Charles II. It wasn't until five years later, one month after his death, that a breeder with the dog Ann's Son, was able to claim the money. This reestablished the interest in the classic looking spaniels. Eventually the long-nosed spaniels became more popular and were given the name Cavalier King Charles Spaniel to differentiate them from the flat-nosed King Charles Spaniel (known in America as the English toy spaniel). In 1945 the Kennel Club recognised it as a separate breed but it wasn't until 1995 that it was recognised as a separate breed by the American Kennel Club. 

Cavalier King Charles Spaniel

King Charles Spaniel today

Due to the amount of inbreeding that occurs in pedigree dogs, the Cavalier King Charles Spaniel has developed numerous health problems. 

Episodic Falling Syndrome (EFS)

EFS is a recessive, genetic condition that is unique to the cavalier breed and has never been diagnosed in any other dog breed. It prevents the muscles from being able to relax, normally instigated by excitement, exercise, or frustration. Symptoms vary for each dog but could include things such as freezing/stiffness, spasms, or being unable to react to stimuli. The dog will not lose consciousness. The condition can be improved with therapy and is very rarely life threatening. Most dogs will carry on without any reaction after a mild episode and will become used to the incidents over time. There is no official cure for EFS but a study carried out in 2002 showed cavaliers with EFS improved dramatically when given a drug called clonazepam. After being given the medication for two years they were described as being almost completely cured. However, it has been suggested that being given this drug for an extended period of time can result in tolerance of the drug, causing it to lose effectiveness. 

Hip dysplasia

Hip dysplasia is a degenerative disease which can develop in any dog breed. A degenerative disease is one which will get worse with age, however it can also be affected by weight and volume of exercise. Any dog may develop hip dysplasia, however, it is a partially inherited disorder as it is more likely to occur in dogs that have been bred from parents who also suffered from hip dysplasia. Puppies will not be born with the condition, it will develop as they age. About 10% of cavaliers are diagnosed by two years old. It can cause varying degrees of arthritis and is thought to affect 12-24% of cavaliers. However, some people believe that it may be higher than this as, once the dog reaches a certain age, it will probably be diagnosed as arthritis. It can only be diagnosed accurately with an x-ray. Once diagnosed, a dog will probably be given medication to limit the pain and help increase mobility. If this is not effective then surgery may be considered. 

Mitral Valve Disease (MVD)

MVD is thought to be the leading cause of death in cavalier spaniels. It is a poly-genetic disease which means it can be caused by more than one gene and the genes responsible for MVD have yet to be identified. It affects over half of the breed by the age of five and will be present in nearly every cavalier spaniel by the age of ten. It is about 20 times more common in CKCS than other breeds of dogs. MVD is a condition that causes the degeneration of the mitral valve in the heart. This valve usually prevents any back flow when blood is pumped through the heart. MVD results in the back-flow of blood, resulting in less blood being pumped round the body. This causes symptoms such as breathlessness, a distended abdomen, lack of appetite, restlessness, weight loss, and possibly fainting. All cavaliers should be screened for a heart murmur once a year from one year old. Eventually the mitral valve will deteriorate and collapse completely, inevitably resulting in death by chronic heart failure. 

White Lies

The White Tiger

Possible offspring
Ww carries the gene but does not exhibit traits
because it is a recessive gene

The white tiger is not an albino tiger or sub species of tiger. It is in fact a genetic variant of the Bengal tiger. The colouration of the white tiger is a result of a recessive gene being passed on from parent to offspring. This genetic mutation can also happen naturally but is incredibly rare. The gene results in a pale coat (some may have an orange tint) with black markings which would not be seen on an albino tiger. It also results in a blue colouration of the eyes, instead of the usual yellow/green seen in tigers. This occurs because the gene that is passed on from the parent inhibits the production of pheomelanin which produces orange/yellow colouration. However, it does allow the production of eumelanin which produces the dark stripes and results in the eyes being blue instead of red like an albino tiger. To pass on the white trait, both parents must carry the recessive gene. This means that despite the gene being found in one in every 15,000, not all of these tigers will display the white trait. This also means that both parents do not need to be white to produce white offspring. However, the only way to ensure that the offspring is white is to mate two white tigers together. 

Survival and Conservation

White tigers in captivity

Despite the fact that white tigers are incredibly rare, there is no conservation advantage of breeding them. The white colouration gives them a disadvantaged survival. These tigers are found in forest areas where they will no longer be able to camouflage with white fur. They have no natural predators but eat by stalking their prey and surprising it. With white fur they will find this much more difficult and as a solitary animal there are no other individuals to help them catch prey. White tigers are also much more valuable to hunters and are more likely to be shot or captured, especially when the are unable to hide. Tigers are already an endangered species, with a habitat that is constantly declining. No white tigers have been spotted in the wild in over 50 years, confirming their struggle to survive. The last one was supposedly shot in 1958. While zoos and exhibitors may say they are breeding these tigers for conservation, this simply isn't true as they can not be re-released into the wild due to their inability to survive. 

Inbreeding

Kenny - rescued white tiger
Lived to the age of 10

The American Zoological Association (AZA) has banned members from breeding white tigers due to the fact that they are bred for profit, not for conservation. Although this mutation was not caused by inbreeding, it is thought that severe inbreeding has been a result. White tigers are a huge attraction, allowing zoos and exhibitors to bring in more visitors and make more money. This has resulted in them inbreeding white tigers to ensure they produce white offspring which are more valuable. They have also been cross bred with Siberian tigers to produce a bigger cat, but once again not providing any conservation purpose. The first white tiger was captured in India in 1951 (only 7 years before the last white tiger was spotted). Some people believe that all white tigers are descendants from this tiger and are therefore all related/inbred. Although some have claimed there is no evidence to suggest white tigers are all inbred, many have been born with severe health issues such as kidney and spine problems, crossed eyes and cleft palettes. Some offspring may be born with the orange colouration but will still inherit these defects and these cubs will often be discarded as worthless. 

If these tigers are not bred in captivity it is likely that they will die out completely, as any that are produced naturally in the wild have such a struggle to survive against hunting, habitat loss and lack of camouflage. If these creatures can be kept in captivity without inbreeding, is it genetic diversity worth conserving?

Siberian / Amur Tiger

Panthera tigris altaica (endangered)

Amur (Siberian) tiger

Despite what is commonly thought, Siberian tigers are not the same as white tigers. Siberian tigers are also know as Amur tigers as they are mostly found in the Amur river valley in Russia. Amur tigers are mainly found in Eastern Russia, however, some can be found around the borders in China and North Korea. They live in boreal and temperate forest, consisting of coniferous trees such as birch. The temperature can drop as low as -45 degrees Celsius or -50 degrees Fahrenheit so they require a thicker, heavier coat than sub species such as Bengal and Indian. It is thought that there are only 450-550 left in the wild. They average as the largest cat on Earth (excluding the liger), males usually weigh up to 300kg while females are noticeably smaller at 180kg. They usually grow to around 3m in length. The largest Amur tiger was found in captivity at 3.9m in length. They have long legs and large paws which allows them to run up to 80km/ph. 

http://siberian-tigers.tumblr.com/page/2

Predation

They have no natural predators except for humans who account for 80% of Amur tiger deaths in the wild. They are killed for their pelts, for use in Chinese medicine or from fear. They rarely attack humans, however, this could be due to the fact that there are few left, so human contact is highly unlikely. They have a range of prey, from small animals such as rabbits and salmon, to large mammals such as moose, deer and wild boar. They have even been known to kill brown and black bears. They are hunters not scavengers but have been known to scavenge if the opportunity arises. They cover a larger area of land than other sub species as food is not as readily available in this habitat. They can eat up to 40kg (60lbs) of food in one sitting and are usually nocturnal.

Breeding
Like the majority of cat species, Amur tigers are solitary which means they prefer to live alone rather than in a group. Amur tigers will only be found together when  a mother is caring for her young or during mating season. They begin mating usually around 4 years old. Pregnancy will last about 103 days until the mother gives birth to a litter of 2-6 cubs. Cubs are born blind and can not hunt until they are 18 months old. They remain with the mother until they are 2-3 years of age. In the wild Amur tigers will live for 10-15 years which is about the average life span of most big cats. 


Siberian Tiger Youtube Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Sq1eUtdpefs&t=17s

The Not-So-Grand National

The Aintree Grand National began in 1839 and has since become the largest annual horse race in Britain and arguably in Europe. Between 500 and 600 million people across 140 countries tune in each year to watch. The course is over 4 miles long and requires the 40 horses to make it over 30 jumps (14 twice and 2 once). The most famous of these jumps is Beecher's Brook which is described as both the most 'thrilling' and the most 'dangerous' jump in the world. 

Safety Measures

In the time that the Grand National has begun, a number of safety measurements have been put in place in an attempt to decrease the risk of injury to horses as well as jockeys. The Grand National is considered five times more deadly than any other horse race. Less than 40% have finished the race in the past 10 years and there have been at least 79 deaths in total. After the 2011 race resulted in the deaths of three horses, and jockey Peter Toole in a coma, two jumps were reduced in height. In addition to this, the landing ground of the first jump was levelled to reduce the risk of horses falling. However, Ginger McCain (jockey and horse trainer) stated that increasing safety in this way had inadvertently resulted in the race becoming more dangerous by enabling the horses to go faster. In 2013, further safety measures were implemented by using softer materials for the fences, a new bypass to catch riderless horses, reducing the length of the track, and more. Since 2013 no horses have died during the main Grand National race. 

Horse Welfare

Despite this, five horses died this year during other parts of the Grand National festival which takes place across three days. During  the main race a total of 16/39 horses made it across the finish line. This is less than the year before (2015) which ended with 19/39 horses finishing, and the year before that (2014) when 18/40 horses finished the race. This is a total of 44.9% finishing the race in the past 3 years. The highest number of horses to ever complete the Grand Nation was in 1984 when 23/40 horses finished. One horse named Earthstopper collapsed and died after finishing the race in fifth place, but no horses died due to falling injuries. 

Metro 2016
Grand National
'Four horses dead in the first two days'

Horses will often be exhausted after racing; for example the winning horse in 2011, Ballabrigs, had to be given oxygen after the race. The rider, Jason Maguire, was given a 5 day ban for whipping too many times and causing physical injury to the hind leg, he still kept the winning title and £535,135 prize money. Many claim that horses do not feel the effect of the whip and are simply encouraged to run faster due to the sound of the crack. However, horses are in fact extremely sensitive to touch and can 'easily feel a fly landing on its skin' according to the RSPCA. This is demonstrated by the cutaneous trunci muscle reflex. 

In October 2011 the BHA instated stricter whipping regulations by increasing minimum punishment from a caution to a 5 day ban with increasing measures for repeat offenders. In addition to this, they decided to nearly half the number of times a horse can be whipped throughout the race. They also initiated mandatory financial penalties to any jockey who received a 3 day or more suspension. This would have cost Jason Maguire around £40,000 according to the BBC. The BHA refused to disqualify rule-breakers as this would also penalise the horse owners, trainers, stable staff and punters. Tim Morris of the BHA explained that the whip was still necessary and could not be banned as it is required to 'steer, correct its stride, and balance a horse'.

The 2014 Grand National saw the death of horse 'Our Conor' who was sold for 1 million euros the year before. Despite this, he was later describer as 'replaceable' by jockey Ruby Walsh. In an interview with Radio Times in 2013 Katie Walsh claimed that the race horses are cared for 'better than some children' but then later said 'these things happen and they're horses at the end of the day'. Every year thousands of horses are either discarded, or auctioned off to slaughterhouses as they no longer have a purpose when they can not race. Often it is not seen as a worthwhile investment to pay for vets bills, however, in 2011 The Guardian published an article explaining why a broken leg can indeed be fatal to a horse and can not always be treated. 

Health problems

Horses will usually begin their training around one and a half years old. By this time they are old enough to be sent to slaughter if they do not perform as expected. At this age their skeletal structure is still developing and putting a horse through extensive training during this time can lead to extensive damage, particularly to the spine and legs. 

During races, horses can be pushed to their physical limits, resulting in a number of health issues. A study carried out at the University of Melbourne found 50% of racehorses had blood in the windpipe and 90% had blood deeper in the lungs, also known as exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage (EHIP). Racing at such high speeds can cause horses to rupture blood vessels, sometimes resulting in a nosebleed. A study carried out in Sydney found stomach ulcers in 90% of race horses. 

www.vetstream.com/equis/content/
disease/dis00067

Horses are natural grazers and therefore their stomachs are constantly producing hydrochloric acid for digestion. However, when horses are not turned out to pasture their stomachs are still producing the acid and digestive enzymes. Without any food in the stomach this can go on to damage the lining of the stomach, resulting in ulcers. Horses that spend more time grazing or are given hay/straw as feed in a stable are shown to be less prone to stomach ulcers.This shows horses should be able to carry out their natural behaviours for health reasons. Horses are social animals but are unfortunately too often kept for long periods of isolation in the racing industry. This can cause them to develop neurotic behaviours such as crib biting, swaying or self mutilation. 

Conclusion

The Independent newspaper predicts that horse racing contributes around £3.45 billion to the economy and provides approximately 6,000 jobs to care for the 14,000 horses in training. In 2016, £250 million was predicted to be wagered on the Grand National. With such a large amount of money involved it is extremely unlikely that the government will ever decide that the Grand National is no longer an acceptable use of animals. However, as more information is revealed about the horse racing industry it is possible that people will decide to spend their money on a worthier cause. 

Micro Pig Management

Over the past few years, micro/miniature animals have become increasingly popular - particularly the micro pig. Micro pigs are not a specific breed of pig but are in actual fact just potbellied pigs selectively bred to become smaller. At a first glance pigs seem to be great pets; they are intelligent, affectionate, adorable, and despite their reputation are actually quite hygienic animals. They can even be litter trained and taken for walks.

Legislation

However, before owning any breed of pig it is important to research the legal requirements. Even if they are kept as a pet, any breed of pig is considered livestock and therefore owners must obey specific laws for owning livestock. Firstly the owner will need to register the living area for the pig and will be given a CPH number. They will then need to register the arrival of the pig within 30 days. The pig must have an ID tag or tattoo to prove that is has been registered. To move the pig (including for walking) you must acquire a licence and a walking route will be agreed. After the pig has returned to its premises it (or any other pig on the property) must not be moved for 20 days.  

 
Micro pigs can not travel in a car, they must be placed in transportation specifically designed under the Welfare of Animals (Transport) Order 2006. This must be washed and disinfected after use to prevent the spread of diseases such as Swine Vesicular Disease and Foot and Mouth. If the pig becomes unwell a vet needs be called to the place of residence, pigs should not be taken into a veterinary surgery. 

Health Problems

Owners should be aware of the zoonotic diseases that can be transmitted between humans and pigs. This includes Erysipeloid and Streptococcus suis. The latter can result in meningitis and even deafness if not treated. Pigs are also prone to Salmonella infections such as Enterocolitis  which can be contracted from animal faeces and other pigs. Some micro pigs may be severely inbred to produce the smallest pigs as quickly and cheaply as possible. This can result in serious health problems, similar to pedigree dogs. 

It is good to keep in mind when getting a miniature pig that you can not guarantee how big it will grow. Some idea can be gained from looking at the parents but pigs can begin breeding several weeks after birth so the parents may not be fully grown. It is therefore important to only get one if you are sure you will be able to look after it no matter what size it becomes. They also prefer the company of at least one other pig and will need space to root, dig and wallow in wet mud. If not stimulated properly they will become destructive and even aggressive. This is not to say that pigs can not make great pets but they are lots or hard work and should not be bought purely based on their 'adorable' appeal.